Death by burning - Wikipedia"Burned alive" redirects here. For the book about honor killing, see Burned Alive. Deliberately causing death through the effects of combustion, or effects of exposure to extreme heat, has a long history as a form of capital punishment. Many societies have employed it as an execution method for activities considered criminal such as treason, rebellious actions by slaves, heresy, witchcraft and sexual transgressions, such as incest or homosexuality. The best known type of executions of death by burning is when the condemned is bound to a large wooden stake (this is usually called burning at the stake, or in some cases, auto- da- fé), but other forms of death resulting from exposure to extreme heat are known. For example, pouring substances such as molten metal onto a person (or down their throat or into their ears), as well as enclosing persons within, or attaching them to, metal contraptions subsequently heated. Immersion in a heated liquid as a form of execution is considered distinct from death by burning, and classified as death by boiling. For burnings at the stake, if the fire was large (for instance, when a number of prisoners were executed at the same time), death often came from carbon monoxide poisoning before flames actually caused lethal harm to the body. If the fire was small, however, the condemned would burn for some time until death from hypovolemia (the loss of blood and/or fluids, since extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid, because the subsequent inflammatory response causes significant capillary fluid leakage and oedema), heatstroke and/or simply the thermal decomposition of vital body parts.[1]Historical usage[edit]Antiquity[edit]Ancient Near East[edit]Old Babylonia[edit]The 1. BC law code promulgated by Babylonian king Hammurabi specifies several crimes in which death by burning was thought appropriate. Looters of houses on fire could be cast into the flames, and priestesses who abandoned cloisters and began frequenting inns and taverns could also be punished by being burnt alive. Furthermore, a man who began committing incest with his mother after the death of his father could be ordered by courts to be burned alive.[2]Ancient Egypt[edit]In Ancient Egypt, several incidents of burning alive perceived rebels are attested. For example, Senusret I (r. BC) is said to have rounded up the rebels in campaign, and burnt them as human torches. Under the civil war flaring under Takelot II more than a thousand years later, the Crown Prince Osorkon showed no mercy, and burned several rebels alive.[3] On the statute books, at least, women committing adultery might be burned to death. ![]() Jon Manchip White, however, did not think capital judicial punishments were often carried out, pointing to the fact that the pharaoh had to personally ratify each verdict.[4] Furthermore, the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (fl. BC) asserts that the Egyptians had a particularly terrible punishment for children who murdered their parents: With sharpened reeds, bits of flesh the size of a finger were cut from the criminal's body. Then he was placed on a bed of thorns and burnt alive.[5]Assyria[edit]In the Middle Assyrian period, paragraph 4. A prostitute shall not be veiled. Whoever sees a veiled prostitute shall seize her .. For the Neo- Assyrians, mass executions seem to have been not only designed to instill terror and to enforce obedience, but also as proof of their might. For example, Neo- Assyrian King Ashurnasirpal II (r. BC) was evidently proud enough of his bloody work that he committed it to monument and eternal memory as follows: [7]I cut off their hands, I burned them with fire, a pile of the living men and of heads over against the city gate I set up, men I impaled on stakes, the city I destroyed and devastated, I turned it into mounds and ruin heaps, the young men and the maidens in the fire I burned. Hebraic tradition[edit]In Genesis 3. ![]() Judah orders Tamar—the widow of his son, living in her father's household—to be burned when she is believed to have become pregnant by an extramarital sexual relation. Tamar saves herself by proving that Judah is himself the father of her child. In the Book of Jubilees, the same story is basically told, with some intriguing differences, according to Caryn A. Todays insane "Natural News" it's more like toxic news or fake news, headline reads that the "sea level is falling not rising, " I think I heard something like this. Watch32 - Watch Movies on Watch32.com - Watch32 is the Biggest Library of free Full Movies. Watch 32 Movies Online. Analyzes interdisciplinary environmental data from around the world, providing information on how to build a sustainable society. Website has articles on a broad. Reeder. In Genesis, Judah is exercising his patriarchal power at a distance, whereas he and the relatives seem more actively involved in Tamar's impending execution.[8]In Hebraic law, death by burning was prescribed for ten forms of sexual crimes: The imputed crime of Tamar, namely that a married daughter of a priest commits adultery, and nine versions of relationships considered as incestuous, such as having sex with one's own daughter, or granddaughter, but also, for example, to have sex with one's mother- in- law or with one's wife's daughter.[9]In the Mishnah, the following manner of burning the criminal is described: The obligatory procedure for execution by burning: They immersed him in dung up to his knees, rolled a rough cloth into a soft one and wound it about his neck. One pulled it one way, one the other until he opened his mouth. Thereupon one ignites the (lead) wick and throws it in his mouth, and it descends to his bowels and sears his bowels. That is, the person dies from being fed molten lead.[1. The Mishnah is, however, a fairly late collections of laws, from about the 3rd century AD, and scholars believe it replaced the actual punishment of burning in the old biblical texts.[1. Ancient Rome[edit]In the 6th century AD collection of the sayings and rulings of the pre- eminent jurists from earlier ages, the Digest, a number of crimes are regarded as punishable by death by burning. The 3rd century jurist Ulpian, for example, says that enemies of the state, and deserters to the enemy are to be burned alive. His rough contemporary, the juristical writer Callistratus mentions that arsonists are typically burnt, as well as slaves who have conspired against the well- being of their masters (this last also, on occasion, being meted out to free persons of "low rank").[1. The punishment of burning alive arsonists (and traitors) seems to have been particularly ancient; it was included in the Twelve Tables, a mid- 5th BC law code, that is, about 7. Ulpian and Callistratus.[1. According to ancient reports, Roman authorities executed many of the early Christian martyrs by burning. An example of this is the earliest chronicle of a martyrdom, that of Polycarp.[1. Sometimes this was by means of the tunica molesta,[1. Christian, stripped naked, was forced to put on a garment called the tunica molesta, made of papyrus, smeared on both sides with wax, and was then fastened to a high pole, from the top of which they continued to pour down burning pitch and lard, a spike fastened under the chin preventing the excruciated victim from turning the head to either side, so as to escape the liquid fire, until the whole body, and every part of it, was literally clad and cased in flame. Watch Movies Online. Watch your favorite movies online free. Discover thousands of latest movies online. Forgotten Genius. Against all odds, African-American chemist Percy Julian became one of the great scientists of the 20th century. Airing February 6, 2007 at 9 pm. · · This 2006 BMW X5 4.4i is suffering from what is becoming an all too common problem. The seals on the valves have failed and are leaking oil into the. In AD 3. 26, Constantine the Great promulgated a law that increased the penalties for parentally non- sanctioned "abduction" of their girls, and concomitant sexual intercourse/rape. The man would be burnt alive without the possibility of appeal, and the girl would receive the same treatment if she had participated willingly. Nurses who had corrupted their female wards and led them to sexual encounters would have molten lead poured down their throats.[1. In the same year, Constantine also passed a law that said if a woman married her own slave, both would be subjected to capital punishment, the slave by burning.[1. In AD 3. 90, Emperor Theodosius issued an edict against male prostitutes and brothels offering such services; those found guilty should be burned alive.[1. Ritual child sacrifice in Carthage[edit]Beginning in the early 3rd century BC, Greek and Roman writers have commented on the purported institutionalized child sacrifice the North African Carthaginians are said to have performed in honour of the gods Baal Hammon and Tanit. The earliest writer, Cleitarchus is among the most explicit. He says live infants were placed in the arms of a bronze statue, the statue's hands over a brazier, so that the infant slowly rolled into the fire. As it did so, the limbs of the infant contracted and the face was distorted into a sort of laughing grimace, hence called "the act of laughing". Other, later authors such as Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch says the throats of the infants were generally cut, before they were placed in the statue's embrace[2. In the vicinity of ancient Carthage, large scale grave yards containing the incinerated remains of infants, typically up to the age of 3, have been found; such graves are called "tophets". However, some scholars have argued that these findings are not evidence of systematic child sacrifice, and that estimated figures of ancient natural infant mortality (with cremation afterwards and reverent separate burial) might be the real historical basis behind the hostile reporting from non- Carthaginians. A late charge of the imputed sacrifice is found by the North African bishop Tertullian, who says that child sacrifices were still carried out, in secret, in the countryside at his time, 3rd century AD.[2. Celtic traditions[edit]According to Julius Caesar, the ancient Celts practiced the burning alive of humans in a number of settings. For example, in Book 6, chapter 1. Druidic sacrifice of criminals within huge wicker frames shaped as men: Others have figures of vast size, the limbs of which formed of osiers they fill with living men, which being set on fire, the men perish enveloped in the flames. They consider that the oblation of such as have been taken in theft, or in robbery, or any other offence, is more acceptable to the immortal gods; but when a supply of that class is wanting, they have recourse to the oblation of even the innocent. Slightly later, in Book 6, chapter 1. This Might Be The Weirdest Engine Rolls- Royce Ever Made. Rolls- Royce is known for a lot of things, but daring technological weirdness generally isn’t one of them. That’s why it’s so surprising that they made an engine that, when described, seems like a string of the most unlikely adjectives you can link together: a Wankel with two separate rotors (but not a twin- rotor) Diesel made by Rolls- Royce. I didn’t even realize Rolls- Royce experimented with rotary engines, let alone Diesel rotary engines, but that’s exactly what they were doing in the late 1. The goal for these engines wasn’t the wildly- expensive luxury cars we normally associate the Rolls- Royce name with, but actually were for their military vehicles division. An article in the December 1. Autocar describes the engine in detail, and it’s fascinating. It’s a Wankel rotary with two rotors, but the two rotors are not co- axial as in a traditional twin- rotor engine. Instead, it’s basically like two siamesed rotary engines, one atop the other, with the lower rotor and combustion chamber significantly larger. This is because the engine is a two- stage engine, with the lower, larger rotary engine acting as a compressor for the upper engine, which is the one that actually produces power. The Wankel engine can work in place of a conventional supercharger or turbocharger to compress the air- fuel mixture because a rotary engine is inherently a positive- displacement machine—essentially, that means the intake chamber has a larger volume than the exhaust/discharge chamber, so the mixture within is compressed. In the case of the Rolls- Royce Wankel Diesel, the fuel- air mixture is first compressed by the lower rotary, and the output of that engine (which would be like the exhaust valve of a conventional rotary) sends the compressed diesel/air mixture to the intake of the smaller upper rotary engine, where it’s compressed to ignite like a regular diesel engine. Rolls- Royce seems to have spent a lot of energy and resources on figuring out how to solve apex seals issues and other technical hurdles, and ended up producing at least four test engines, not counting the modified NSU Wankel they used as a testbed: The first Rolls—Royce development engine was the R1 which was conceived purely as a research tool. With a compressor stage of 1,1. O. 5lb/bhp/hour. Among other things, it was used to develop the best inter—porting arrangement between the two stages. The R2 engine was the alternative three- stage layout, built but not investigated in detail. R3 refers to a combustion stage only, which is being used as a basic unit to build up a range of engines; it has a displacement of 1,2. The remaining engine of which details may be given is the 2—R6. This is a military engine formed of two banks of a two—stage engine. Each high pressure (combustion) stage has a displacement of 1,2. The design power is 3. To minds and ears used to gasoline engines, 9. GM Duramax V8 Diesel makes about 3. Diesels need much heavier crankcases to withstand the high compression, so they tend to be heavy. It doesn’t seem like the Rolls- Royce twin- rotor Diesel Wankel actually ever made it into production, even on military vehicles, and I have no idea if Rolls ever had some engineer feverishly planning a Diesel Wankel Silver Shadow, but I really, really like to imagine it. FEV Group - Your development partner. Stellensuche. Stellentyp. Auszubildende. Gewerbliche. Ingenieur. Student/Praktikant. Techniker. Verwaltung. Fachrichtung. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . Akustik. Applikation/Kalibrierung. Auszubildende. Berechnung/Konstruktion/Simulation. Beschaffung/Einkauf. Consulting. Cost- Engineering. Facharbeiter (Mechatroniker, Elektroniker, Informatiker). Gebäudetechnik/Infrastruktur. Getriebeentwicklung. Hybrid/Elektronik/Batterieentwicklung. Inbetriebnahme. Kundendienst. Organisation/Verwaltung. Produktions- und Prozesstechnik. Projektmanagement. 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